•  
  •  
 

Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal

Abstract

The right to strike is a key feature of freedom of association and effective collective bargaining. We consider how the legal regulation of strikes and boycotts affects the power resources available to workers and unions to improve working conditions and workers’ voice in firms, such as global supply chains and platform giants, that utilize network-of-contracts business models. We begin by bringing the literatures on power resources theory and supply chain and platform capitalism into conversation. Treating law as a form of institutional power influencing workers’ ability to exercise other power resources in network-of-contracts business models, we then examine how the laws regulating strikes influence workers’ ability to mobilize their other power resources to affect the terms and conditions of work. We investigate the Make Amazon Pay campaign and related strikes to gauge how the legal regulation of strikes affects workers’ power to disrupt supply and production under network-of-contracts business models. We conclude by highlighting the need to revise the law of strikes to fit the power relations under supply and platform capitalism.

References

Alimahomed-Wilson, J. (2020). The Amazonification of logistics: E-commerce, labor, and exploitation in the last mile. In J. Alimahomed-Wilson & E. Reese (Eds.), The cost of free shipping: Amazon in the global economy (pp. 69-84). Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16zjhcj.11

Alimahomed-Wilson, J. & Ness, I. (2018). Introduction: Forging workers' resistance across the global supply chain. In J. Alimahomed-Wilson & I. Ness (Eds.), Choke points: Logistics workers disrupting the global supply chain (pp. 1-15). Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt21kk1v2

Anner, M., Fischer-Daly, M., & Maffie, M. (2020). Fissured employment and network bargaining: Emerging employment relations dynamics in a contingent world of work. ILR Review 74(3), 689-714. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793920964180

Arnholtz, J., & Refslund, B. (2024). Power resource theory for contemporary society: A research framework. In J. Arnholtz & B. Refslund (Eds.), Workers, power and society: Power resource theory in contemporary capitalism (pp. 1-31). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003431022-1

Atleson, J. (2004). The voyage of the Neptune Jade: The perils and promises of transnational labor solidarity. Buffalo Law Review 52, 85-184.

Amazon hit by strikes, protests across Europe during black Friday. (2023, November 24). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/technology/amazon-protests-europe-target-warehouses-lockers-busy-black-friday-2023-11-24/

Amazon Workers International. (2017a, May 13). Final statement of the April 2017 cross-border meeting. https://amworkers.wordpress.com/2017/05/13/final-statement-of-april-2017-cross-border-meeting/

Amazon Workers International. (2017b, December 2). Invitation to the transnational Amazon workers' meeting in Leipzig (Germany), January 26-28, 2018. https://amworkers.wordpress.com/2017/12/02/invitation-to-the-transnational-amazon-workers-meeting-in-leipzig-germany-january-26-28-2018/

Bakirtzi, E. (2014). Greece. In B. Waas (Ed.), The right to strike: A comparative view (pp. 259-284). Kluwer.

Barthel, G. (2019). Against the logistics of Amazon: Challenges to build effective power. In Strike the giant! Transnational organization against Amazon (pp. 64-72). Transnational Social Strike Platform. https://www.transnational-strike.info/2019/11/29/pdf-strike-the-giant-transnational-organization-against-amazon-tss-journal/

Boewe, J. & Schulten, J. (2019). The long struggle of the Amazon mmployees: Laboratory of resistance. Union organising in e-commerce worldwide (2nd ed.). Rosa-Luxemburg Foundation. https://www.rosalux.de/fileadmin/rls_uploads/pdfs/Ausland/Europa-Nordamerika/The_long_struggle_of_the_Amazon_employees.pdf

Birelma, A.. (2018). When local class unionism meets international solidarity: A case of union revitalisation in Turkey. Global Labour Journal 9(2), 215-229. https://doi.org/10.15173/glj.v9i2.3336

Braw, E. (2024). Swedes are united against Tesla's union busting: Elon Musk has run headlong into the force of Sweden's collective strikes. Foreign Policy.https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/01/29/sweden-tesla-unions-elonmusk/

Butt, M. (2024). Workers strike at brand new £500 willion Amazon warehouse. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/amazon-workers-strikebirmingham-b2484661.html

Carta, L., Deschamps, M., Jannin, A., & Le Luduec, A. (2008). France. In A. Stewart & M.

Bell, The right to strike: A comparative perspective (pp. 27-52). Institute of Employment Rights.

Culpepper, P. D. & Thelen, K. (2020). Are we all Amazon primed? Consumers and the politics of platform power. Comparative Political Studies 53(2), 288-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414019852687

Danielsen, D. (2021). Situating human rights approaches to corporate accountability in the political economy of supply chain capitalism. In D. Brinks, J. Dehm, K. Engle, & K. Taylor (Eds.), Power, participation, and private regulatory initiatives (pp. 224-241). University of Pennsylvania Press. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812299694-013

Delfanti, A. (2021). The warehouse: Workers and robots at Amazon. Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2114fnm

Delli Colli, N., Di Toro, E., Fabrizi, A., & Forte, L. (2008). Italy. In A. Stewart & M. Bell, The right to strike: A comparative perspective (pp. 65-79). Institute of Employment Rights.

Feathers, T. (2020, August 27). 'Stop hiding behind your platform:' Sweden welcomes Amazon with scathing letter. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3z43k/stop-hiding-behind-yourplatform-sweden-welcomes-amazon-with-scathing-letter

Flecker, J. (2024). Workers' power in supply chains and global production networks: Resources, contexts, and agency. In J. Arnholtz & B. Refslund (Eds.) Workers, power and society: Power resource theory in contemporary capitalism (pp. 158-175). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003431022-10

Fuchs, M., Dannenberg, P., & Wiedemann, C. (2022). Big tech and labour resistance at Amazon. Science as Culture 31(1), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2021.1937095

Fudge, J. (2017). The future of the standard employment relationship: Labour law, new institutional economics and old power resource theory. Journal of Industrial Relations 59(3), 374-392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185617693877

Gelderblom, C. (2020, November 27). Make Amazon pay. The Elephant. https://www.theelephant.info/opinion/2020/11/27/make-amazon-pay/

Goldmann, B. (2023). Blocking the global factory: Transnational worker organising in e-commerce and logistics - the case of Amazon. (Doctoral dissertation, Scuola Normale Superiore). https://ricerca.sns.it/retrieve/dc5ebb02-fe64-4201-b456-46401957af8e/Goldmann_PhD_Thesis_def.pdf

Grzebyk, P. (2014). Poland. In B. Waas (Ed.), The right to strike: A comparative view (pp. 427-450). Kluwer.

Gutelius, B.& Pinto, S. (2023). Pain points: Data on work intensity, monitoring, and health at Amazon warehouses. Center for Urban Economic Development, University of Illinois Chicago.

Hafiz, H. (2021). Structural Labor Rights. Michigan Law Review 119(4), 651-728. https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.119.4.structural

Heikkilä, M. (2020). Inside Amazon's global worker movement. Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/amazon-workers-of-the-world-unite-jeff-bezos-protest/

Herzfeld-Olsson, P.& McCrystal, S. (2025). How to balance the right to strike and other public goods. Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal. In this issue. https://doi.org/10.60082/2819-2567.1038

International Labour Organization (ILO). (2018). Freedom of association: Compilation of decisions of the committee on freedom of association. Geneva.

Kassem, S. (2022). Labour realities at Amazon and COVID-19: Obstacles and collective possibilities for its warehouse workers and MTurk workers. Global Political Economy 1(1), 59-79. https://doi.org/10.1332/UVGT2823

Kassem, S. (2023a). (Re)shaping Amazon labour struggles on both sides of the Atlantic: The power dynamics in Germany and the US amidst the pandemic. Transfer 28(4), 441-456. https://doi.org/10.1177/10242589221149496

Kassem, S. (2023b). Work and alienation in the platform economy: Amazon and the power of organization. Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529226546.001.0001

Klaß, F., Rölz, H., Rabe, S., & Reitemeyer, S. (2010). Germany. In A. Stewart & M. Bell (Eds.), The right to strike: A comparative perspective (pp. 53-64). Institute of Employment Rights.

Kumar, A. (2020). Monopsony capitalism: Power and production in the twilight of the sweatshop age. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108764810

Lapierre, M. (2025, January 22). Amazon to close Quebec facilities, insists it's not because of new union. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/amazon-warehouse-closures-quebec-1.7438078

López, T. (2023). From a 'decent work' approach to a Marxist analysis of labour control and labour agency in global production: Reviewing research on labour in GPNs. In T. López (Ed.), Labour control and union agency in global production networks: A case study of the Bangalore export-garment cluster (pp. 17-77). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27387-2_2

Make Amazon Pay. (n.d.). Retrieved 20 May 2025, from https://makeamazonpay.com/

Make Amazon Pay. (2017). Hello World! https://makeamazonpay.org/en/2017/10/26/hello-world/

McCrystal, S.& McGaughey, E. (2022). Conclusion: The themes of 'Labour in Competition Law'. In S. Paul, S. McCrystal, & E. McGaughey (Eds.) The Cambridge handbook of labor in competition law (pp. 309-322). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108909570.022

Mendonça, P.& Adascalitei, D. (2020). Trade union power resources within the supply chain: Marketisation, marginalisation, mobilisation. Work, Employment and Society 34(6), 1062-1078. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017020906360

Mundlak, G. (2020). Organizing matters: Two logics of trade union representation. Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839104039

Nice, T.,& Cooney, S. (2015). Creating a right to strike in China: Some lessons from the Australian experience. In A. Chan (Ed.), Chinese workers in comparative perspective (pp. 193-209). Cornell University Press.

Nowak, J. (2021). Do choke points provide workers in logistics with power? A critique of the power resources approach in light of the 2018 truckers' strike in Brazil. Review of International Political Economy 29(5), 1675-1697. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2021.1931940

O'Brady, S. (2024). Institutional power resources: A critical analysis". In J. Arnholtz & B. Refslund (Eds.), Workers, power and society: Power resource theory in contemporary capitalism (pp. 76-96). Routledge.

Paul, S. & Vaheesan, S. (2022). American antitrust exceptionalism. In S. Paul, S. McCrystal, & E. McGaughey (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of labor in competition law (pp. 113-126). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108909570.008

Pittard, M. J.& Naughton, R. (2014) Australia. In B. Waas (Ed,), The right to strike: A comparative view (pp. 95-120). Kluwer.

Potiker, S. L., Smith, D. A., Ciccantell, P. S., Sowers E., & McKenzie, L. (2024). Labor organizing at chokepoints along Amazon's supply chain: Locating geo-strategic nodes. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 56(5), 1521-1538. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X241228991

Prassl, J. (2014). The United Kingdom. In B. Waas (Ed.), The right to strike: A comparative view (pp. 551-566). Kluwer.

Progressive International. (2020, December 9). We are launching a planetary movement to #MakeAmazonPay. https://progressive.international/movement/campaign/make-amazon-pay-3bd28288-bed7-45a3-b053-b1d7111e416d/en

Progressive International. (n.d.). Who we are. https://progressive.international/about/en

Rahman, K. S., & Thelen, K. (2019). The rise of the platform business model and the transformation of the twenty-first-century capitalism. Politics and Society 47(2), 177-204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329219838932

Refslund, B.& Arnholtz, J. (2022). Power resource theory revisited: The perils and promises for understanding contemporary labour politics. Economic and Industrial Democracy 43(4), 1958-1979. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X211053379

Schmalz, S., Ludwig, C., & Webster, E. (2018). The power resources approach: Developments and challenges. Global Labour Journal 9(2), 113-134. https://doi.org/10.15173/glj.v9i2.3569

Silver, B. J. (2003). Forces of labor: Workers' movements and globalization since 1870. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615702

Smith, P., Monea, A., & Santiago, M. (Eds). (2023). Amazon: At the intersection of culture and capital. Rowman & Littlefield. https://doi.org/10.5771/9781538165232

Sowers, E. A. (2017). Logistics labor: Insights from the sociologies of globalization, the economy, and work. Sociology Compass 11(3), e12459. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12459

Sowers, E. A., Ciccantell, P. S., & Smith, D. A. (2018). Labor and social movements' strategic usage of the global commodity chain structure. In J. Amimahomed-Wilson & I. Ness (Eds.), Choke points: Logistics workers disrupting the global supply chain (pp. 19-34). Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt21kk1v2.4

Stewart, H. (2023). Labour to link government tenders to 'unionised jobs', Starmer tells GMB. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/jun/06/labour-to-link-government-tenders-to-unionised-jobs-keir-starmer-tells-gmb

Stewart, H. (2024, September 4). Amazon announces near 10% pay rise for tens of thousands of UK workers. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/article/2024/sep/04/amazon-announces-pay-rise-tens-thousands-uk-workers

Stone, B. (2013). The everything store: Jeff Bezos and the age of Amazon. Little, Brown.

Transnational Social Strike Platform. (2019). Strike the giant! Transnational organization against Amazon. https://www.transnational-strike.info/2019/11/29/pdf-strike-the-giant-transnational-organization-against-amazon-tss-journal/

Tucker, E. (2022). Competition and labour law in Canada: The contestable margins of legal toleration. In P. Sanjukta, S. McCrystal, & E. McGaughey (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of labor in competition law (pp. 127-140). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108909570.009

UNI Global Union. (2023, October 27). At Make Amazon Pay summit, unions and allies announce black Friday strikes and protests against Amazon". https://uniglobalunion.org/news/mapsummitstrikes/?fbclid=IwAR2Nw4POrJHXG_qV6nLQbRLuPtYnUfqLGcnrRmQyvgIvhkJcMpNaHodOZOA

Vgontzas, N. (2020). A New industrial working class? Challenges in disrupting Amazon's Fulfillment Process in Germany. In J. Alimahomed-Wilson & E. Reese (Eds.), The cost of free shipping: Amazon in the global economy (pp. 116-128). Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16zjhcj.14

Waas, B. (2014). Introduction. In B. Waas (Ed.), The right to strike: A comparative view (pp. 1-52). Kluwer. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139506007.001

Weil, D. (2014). The fissured workplace: Why work became so bad for so many and what can be done to improve it. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674726123

Wright, E. O. (2000). Working-class power, capitalist-class interests, and class compromise. American Journal of Sociology 105(4), 957-1002. https://doi.org/10.1086/210397

Plum Print visual indicator of research metrics
PlumX Metrics
  • Usage
    • Downloads: 211
    • Abstract Views: 339
  • Captures
    • Readers: 1
see details

Included in

Law Commons

Share

COinS